Trees Gallery - St Andrews Botanial Gardens. Page 1

St Andrews Botanic Garden covers 18 acres of woodland walks, meadows, ponds and living laboratories in the university town of St Andrews in Fife, Scotland. It is located on the banks of the wooded Kinness Burn in Canongate on the southern edge of the town. The gardens are supported by the University of St Andrews and Fife Council. It contains more than 8000 species of native and exotic plants, laid out in zones of woodland, meadow, shrubbery, herbaceous bedding, sand dunes, a large rockery and a series of ponds. There are also vegetable and herb gardens, and two large greenhouses. The gardens were founded in 1889 on a different location, the current site developing from the 1960s.

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Abies Koreana abies - from L. abeo - to rise, to go up, koreana - from Korea

Korean fir

Compact evergreen conical tree to 18 m, native to the higher mountains of S Korea, with thick dark green needles, slightly notched at the tip, with white bands of stomata beneath. The cones are cylindrical blue or purple cones, some with protruding green or yellow bracts, often borne on young trees. .

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Acer campestre acer - Latin name for the maple; campestre - of the fields.

Field maple

Britain's only native maple, it is found growing in woods, scrub and hedgerows, and on chalk lowland. It is widely planted in gardens and parks due to its compact habit, tolerance of pollution and rich autumn colours. The flowers are hermaphrodite containing both male and female floral organs: pistils and stamens , the seeds are samaras a winged achene, a type of fruit in which a flattened wing of fibrous, papery tissue develops from the ovary wall , paired horizontally. [Woodland Trust]'.

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Acer cissifolium acer - maple; cissifolium - resembling the leaves of cissus, a genus in the vine family

Ivy-leaved maple

A fairly small deciduous tree growing to 10 m, native to mountainous areas of Japan. Initial growth is upright oval, with age it becomes distinctly mushroom-like with a wide-spreading, globose form. In spring long catkins appear and are followed by two winged samaras spreading at an acute angle. It is dioecious male and female flowers are on separate trees. The leaves turn a modest yellow to red in autumn. The bark is smooth and grey.

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Acer davidii acer - maple; davidii after Armand David (Père David, 1826 - 1900), who documented the tree on his travels through China.

Snake bark maple

A.k.a. Père David's maple, a small deciduous tree native to China, with arching branches, growing 10–15 m tall with a trunk up to 40 cm in diameter, though often with multiple trunks. The small yellow flowers have five sepals and petals about 4 mm long, produced on arching 7–12 cm racemes in late spring, with male and female flowers on different racemes. "George Forrest" is perhaps the most common form, a fine, vigorous, often multistemmed tree with spreading branches and large leaves up to 20 cm long. These emerge red, the blades turning green later, with distinctively red petioles.

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Acer griseum acer - maple; griseum from L. griseus - grey, referring to the undersides of the leaves

Paper bark maple

A.k.a. blood-bark maple, a small to medium-sized, deciduous, oval rounded tree reaching 6–9 m, with slender upright branching, native to mixed forests in C China. The yellow flowers are androdioecious bearing only male (staminate) flowers on some plants and either bisexual or both male (staminate) and female (pistillate) flowers on other plants. , produced in small pendent corymbs in spring, the fruit being a paired samara with two winged seeds about 1cm long with a 3cm wing.

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Acer palmatum acer - maple; lancea Latin for lance or spear, folium, meaning leafdissectum

Japanese maple

A slow growing, mound forming shrub or small tree, prized for its deeply dissected leaves which can almost look as if they have been shredded. Varieties can have deep purple foliage (purpureum) or deep red (garnet) or many colours in between.

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Acer platanoides acer - from Latin for maple; platanoides - resembling the plane tree (platanus). Drummondii after Thomas Drummond (1790 - 1855) Drummondii

Variegated Norway maple

A maple cultivar with creamy white edged variegated leaves, turning orange in autumn. Masses of bright yellow flowers in spring. Named after Scottish botanist Thomas Drummond (1790 - 1855).

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Actinidia deliciosa - from Greek aktis, meaning ray or star, referring to the radiating styles of the plant's flowers; and Latin "deliciosa", delicious - referring to the fruit.

Kiwi fruit

A.k.a. Chinese gooseberry. A fruiting vine native to China. It is one of some 40 related species of the genus actinidia, with a. chinensis the origin of most commercial varieties of kiwifruit. Fruit colour may vary from green through brown to gold, depending on cultivar.

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Alnus glutinosa old Latin name for alder; glutinosa for, Latin for 'sticky', referring to the young twigs, buds, and leaves which are coated in a resinous gum.

Alder

A.k.a. common alder, black alder, European alder, a medium-sized, short-lived tree growing to a height of up to 30 m, native to most of Europe, SW Asia and N Africa. It thrives in wet locations where its association with the bacterium Frankia alni enables it to grow in poor quality soils. It is a pioneer species, colonising vacant land and forming mixed forests. Eventually it dies out of woodlands because the seedlings need more light than is available on the forest floor. Its more usual habitat is forest edges, swamps and riverside corridors. The timber has been used in underwater foundations and for manufacture of paper and fibreboard, for smoking foods, for joinery, turnery and carving.

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Alnus rubra old Latin name for alder; rubra red, referring to the catkins.

Red alder

A deciduous broadleaf tree native to western North America, the largest species of alder in North America and one of the largest in the world, reaching heights of 20 to 30 metres. The leaves are revolute curled backwards or downwards , a diagnostic character which distinguishes it from all other alders. Rather than turning yellow in autumn, its leaves darken in colour and wither before they are shed. The male flowers are dangling reddish catkins 10 to 15 cm (4 to 6 in) long in early spring. Female catkins are erect during anthesis the period during which a flower is fully open and functional , but otherwise pendant. They develop into small, woody, superficially cone-like oval dry fruit. The seeds develop between the woody bracts of the 'cones' and are shed in late autumn and winter. Seeds have a membranous winged margin that allows long-distance dispersal. [Wikipedia].

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Alnus viridis - alnus is the Latin word for alder; viridis means green; sinuata means curving or wavy. Therefore, the name describes a green alder with wavy leaves. sinuata

Sitka alder

A.k.a. alnus alnobetula, a large shrub or small tree growing to 12 m, common across much of Europe, Asia, and North America.Catkins appear late in spring after the leaves emerge (unlike other alders which flower before leafing out); the male catkins are pendulous, 4–8 cm long, the female catkins are 1 cm long when mature in late autumn, in clusters of 3–10 on a branched stem. The roots have nitrogen-fixing nodules.

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Arbutus unedo arbutus - Latin name for the tree, unedo - translates as eat only one, probably referring to the bitter taste of the fruits.

Strawberry tree

The noticeboard by the tree says: Native to the Mediterranean, N Africa, and Ireland (possibly linked to bronze age miners' migration). It flowers in autumn, usually as last year’s fruits are ripening. It sprouts easily from the stump, a useful adaptation in areas prone to fires. Despite the Latin name, the fruits are widely consumed across Europe, made into jams and puddings, and a Portuguese liquer called aguardente de medronhos.

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Araucaria araucana araucaria - after a region of Chile; araucana - the native tribe who used the tree's seeds for food.

Monkey puzzle

A.k.a. monkey tail tree, pewen, pehuen pine or piñonero, an evergreen tree growing to 30–40 m, native to C and S Chile and W Argentina. It is on the IUCN list as endangered in its native region due to logging, forest fires, and grazing. It is usually dioecious male and female cones on separate trees . The male (pollen) cones are oblong and cucumber-shaped. It is wind pollinated. The bark can be up to 15 cm thick, possibly an adaptation to resist wildfires. I have noticed young monkey puzzle trees planted in many gardens and woodlands visited recently.

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Berberis hypokerina berberis - Latinized from Arabic barbaris, or barberry; hypo means "under; kerina means horn or waxy, referring to the plant's vividly white undersides of its leaves.

Silver holly

A.k.a. violet-bead barberry, or Burmese barberry, a small evergreen shrub up to 2.5m tall and wide, native to Myanmar, with arching reddish-green stems and holly-like, rigid, triangular-spined, grey-green leaves to 15cm long, often white beneath. Dense clusters of lemon-yellow flowers 1 cm across in early summer are followed by white tinged, blue-black fruit in autumn

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Betula alleghaniensis betula the Latin word for birch; alleghaniensis: of the Allegheny, referring to its native range in the Allegheny Mountains, part of the larger Appalachians.

Yellow Birch refers to the yellowish or bronze-colored bark of young trees, which becomes more silver and flaky with age

A.k.a. golden birch, or swamp birch, or in Quebec, merisiera, and previously classified as Betula lutea. It is a medium sized deciduous tree native to NE North America, growing to 25 m with a trunk up to 0.9 m in diameter, making it the largest North American species of birch. It is long-lived, typically 150 years, sometimes up to 300 years. Dark green leaves are alternate, oval, with a pointed tip and often a slightly heart shaped (cordate) base, with a finely serrated (doubly serrate) margin. It is monoecious both male and female flowers occur on the same tree .

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Betula lenta betula - birch; lenta, pliable or tough, . referring to the strong and flexible twigs and wood.

Sweet birch

A.k.a. black birch, cherry birch, mahogany birch, or spice birch, a medium-sized deciduous tree reaching 30 m, native to E North America. al. The twigs, when scraped, have a strong scent of wintergreen due to methyl salicylate, which is produced in the bark. The leaves are alternate, ovate, with a finely serrated margin. The flowers are wind-pollinated catkins, the male catkins pendulous, the female catkins erect.

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Betula pendula betula - birch, possibly from betu, meaning tar or bitumen, which can be extracted from the tree, pendula - hanging down (L.)

Silver birch

Leaves are light green, small and triangular-shaped with a toothed edge, which fade to yellow in autumn. Monoecious both male and female flowers (catkins) are found on the same tree catkins emerge from April to May, the male catkins long, yellow-brown, hanging in groups of two to four, like lambs' tails. Female catkins are smaller, short, bright green and erect.

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Callistemon viminalisCallistemon from Greek kalos, beautiful, and stemon, stamen, referring to the showy, beautiful stamens of the flower; viminalis - Latin for having long, flexible twigs, alluding to the pendulous or weeping branches.

Weeping bottle-brush

A small tree with willowy foliage, with striking red bottlebrush flowers, mostly in summer. When the flowers go, groups of seed capsules encircle the branchlets like knobby sleeves, where they remain for years without releasing their powdery seed. The sleeves of previous years can be tracked back along the branches where they may in due course become engulfed by new wood. Australians steeped the flowers in water to make a bush remedy for sore throats.

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Camellia cuspidata camellia - after the Jesuit missionary and botanist Georg Joseph Kamel; cuspidata - Latin for 'with a point' or 'suddenly narrowed to a short, rigid tip', a description of the leaves.

Camellia cuspidata

A large, upright, evergreen shrub to around 3 m tall that becomes bushy with age. Solitary, pure white, cup-shaped flowers 2-3 cm in diameter are borne in spring.

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Camellia grijsii camellia - after the Jesuit missionary and botanist Georg Joseph Kamel; grijsii - after Carolus F. M. de Grijs (1832–1902), a Dutch military surgeon and plant collector in China;

Grijs' camellia

A bushy, upright, evergreen shrub eventually forming a small tree of about 3-4m high, with dark green leaves and single, scented, white flowers with heart-shaped, notched petals in late winter (January to March). It was discovered in Fujian province in China by de Grijs in 1861.

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Camellia oleifera camellia - after the Jesuit missionary and botanist Georg Joseph Kamel; oleifera - Latin for oil bearing

Oil-seed camellia

A large shrub or small tree widely distributed in China and cultivated extensively there as an important source of edible oil (known as tea oil or camellia oil). It grows to 6 m with thin, upright, multiple trunks and branches. It is found in forests, thickets, banks of streams and foothills. Single, white, fragrant flowers are produced in mid to late autumn.

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Castanea sativa castanea - after the town of Castanum in Thessaly, where it grew in abundance; sativa - Latin for 'cultivated' or 'sown'.

Sweet chestnut

A.k.a. Spanish chestnut or European chestnut, a tree native to S Europe and Asia Minor, growing to 25m with a trunk often 2 m or more in diameter. The flowers of both sexes are borne in 10–20 cm long, upright catkins, the male flowers in the upper part and female flowers in the lower part. The female flowers eventually form a spiky sheath that deters predators from the seed. It is naturally self incompatible meaning that the plant cannot pollinate itself, making cross-pollination necessary. . Trees can live to an age of 500 to 600 years, even 1,000 years or more.

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Catalpa speciosa catalpa from a Muscogee (Native American) word kutuhlpa, meaning winged head, referring to the seeds; speciosa - Latin for 'showy' or 'spectacular', referring to its large white flowers.

Northern catalpa

A.k.a. hardy catalpa, western catalpa, cigar tree or catawba. It is a medium-sized, deciduous tree growing to 30 m. It has a trunk up to 1 m in diameter, with brown to gray flaky bark, native to the midwestern United States. The flowers are 3–6 cm across, trumpet shaped, white with yellow stripes and purple spots inside; growing in panicles of 10–30. The fruit is a long, thin legume-like capsule, 20–40 cm long,which turns brown in autumn and often stays attached to tree during winter. The pod contains numerous flat, light brown seeds with two papery wings.

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Chamaecyparis Chamaecyparis: - dwarf cypress; lawsoniana - after Scottish nurseryman Charles Lawson; Kilmacurragh, named after the Irish garden where it originatedlawsoniana Kilmacurragh

Lawson's cypress

A large evergreen tree growing to 50 m with trunk up to 2 m in diameter. The bark is silver-brown, vertically furrowed, and up to 25 cm thick at the base. The seed cones are globose, 7–14 mm in diameter, green at first, maturing brown in autumn. Trees can live up to about 600 years of age.Leaves rich green; habit columnar, resembling that of the Italian cypress. It bears the name of the once-famous Irish garden where it originated. The parent tree perhaps no longer exists but it was propagated before the garden fell into decay and is now well established in cultivation.

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Chamaecyparis Chamaecyparis: - dwarf cypress; lawsoniana - after Scottish nurseryman Charles Lawson aurea - golden, referring to the yellow foliage lawsoniana aurea

Wissell's Lawson cypress

A native of Oregon and California. This Cypress was first introduced by plant hunters working for the Lawson & Son nursery in Edinburgh. Nurserymen found it amenable for breeding colourful cultivars. Eight of these, including Wisselii have the RHS Award of Garden Merit. Note the attractive chunky red bark: the timber is strong but light, with great rot resistance. It has a fragrant ginger smell. The straight grain made it perfect for arrow shafts and its heartwood is often used in the sounding boards of musical instruments.

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Chamaecyparis obtusa chamaecyparis: derived from the Greek words chamae - 'on the earth' or 'dwarf' and kyparissos - cypress; obtusa: Latin for blunt or obtuse, referring to the blunt tips of the leaves; flabelliformis: from Latin flabellum, fan, and formis, shaped, describing the plant's distinctive, flattened, fan-like sprays of foliage flabelliformis

Hinoki False cypress

This is a dwarf, slow-growing cultivar of the Japanese Hinoki false cypress, known for its dense, irregularly globose shape and fan-like sprays of slightly bluish-green foliage. It grows only a few cm per year, reaching a height of perhaps 1.8 m in 50 years.

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Chamaecyparis obtusa chamaecyparis: derived from the Greek words chamae - 'on the earth' or 'dwarf' and kyparissos - cypress; obtusa: Latin for blunt or obtuse, referring to the blunt tips of the leaves; nana: from Latin meaning dwarf or small nana

Hinoki False cypress

This cultivar is very slow-growing and after 10 years may only reach 20 cm inches tall, although it eventually will reach 90 cm. Dark-green foliage forms twisting, fan-shaped branchlets in dense, tiered layers and have a sweet fragrance when crushed. At maturity, it forms a compact, flattened globe with horizontal branches.

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Chamaecyparis obtusa chamaecyparis: derived from the Greek words chamae - 'on the earth' or 'dwarf' and kyparissos - cypress; obtusa: Latin for blunt or obtuse, referring to the blunt tips of the leaves; pygmaea: from Latin meaning dwarf or small pygmaea

Hinoki cypress 'Pygmaea'

A dwarf evergreen conifer with a globose, spreading habit, reddish-brown stems and fan-shaped bronze-green foliage which becomes darker in cooler conditions or during the winter. Growth rate: It is a very slow grower, adding about 5–7 cm per year. After 10 years it might be 60 - 90 cm.

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Chamaecyparis pisifera chamaecyparis: derived from the Greek words chamae - 'on the earth' or 'dwarf' and kyparissos - cypress; pisifera: from Latin pissum, meaning pea, and ferre, meaning to bear. This refers to the very small, rounded, pea-sized cones; Boulevard: The cultivar was discovered as a sport of c. pisifera squarrosa at Boulevard Nursery, Newport, Rhode Island, in 1934. Boulevard

Sawara cypress 'Boulevard'

A dense, slow-growing evergreen conifer forming a large, conical shrub to 8m, with soft, silvery blue-grey foliage, often tinged purple in winter.

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Coriaria nepalensis Coriaria - from Latin corium meaning leather, referring to the plant's high tannin content; nepalensis indicates that it was found (by N. Wallich in 1832) in Nepal.

Masuri berry

A.k.a. tanner's tree, mansur shrub and macchaino (Nepalese). It is a shrub that grows in the foothills of the Himalayas growing to 2.5 m. It blooms in spring and has bright yellow flowers and red to dark purple fruits in summer, which resemble berries but are actually achenes a type of simple dry fruit produced by many species of flowering plants. Achenes are monocarpellate (formed from one carpel) and indehiscent (they do not open at maturity). Achenes contain a single seed that nearly fills the pericarp, but does not adhere to it. In many species, what is called the "seed" is an achene, a fruit containing the seed. protected by enlarged coloured petals.

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Cornus australis cornus: Latin for the cornel tree, meaning 'horn'. australis: Latin, meaning 'southern'.

Southern dogwood

A.k.a. Black Sea dogwood. A deciduous shrub growing up to 4 m. The flowers are white, in dense terminal clusters about 5 cm across. It is native to W. Asia, and has been in cultivation since 1915. It is very hardy, but its only claim to special notice is in its red foliage in autumn.

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Cornus mas cornus: Latin for the cornel tree, meaning 'horn'. mas: Latin, meaning 'male', to distinguish it from c. sanguinea, which was called the female or wild cornel.

Common name: The common name "" comes .

Cornelian cherry from the cherry-like fruit and its colour, which resembles the semi-precious gemstone carnelian (or cornelian).

A.k.a. European cornel or Cornelian cherry dogwood, a medium to large deciduous shrub or small tree native to W Europe, S Europe, and SW Asia, growing to 5–12 m. It has dark brown branches and greenish twigs. The flowers are small with four yellow petals, produced in clusters of 10–25 in the late winter (between February and March in the UK), well before the leaves appear. The fruit is an oblong red drupe a fleshy fruit with thin skin and a central stone containing the seed 2 cm long containing a single seed.

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Corylus Colurna Greek Korylos -hazelnut Colurna - Latinised name of the Turkish hazel

Turkish hazel

This is a true hazel, bearing nuts not unlike our British cobs - but smaller and lacking their taste - and surrounded by a softly spiny husk. Native across SE Europe and into W Asia, it is indeed found in Turkey. Its characteristic pendulous yellow catkins appear in late winter, with the nuts maturing in autumn as the leaves fade to a lustrous yellow. Its elegant conical shape and thick corky bark are features that can be admired year round. Although its nuts are inferior, Turkish hazel is important to commercial hazelnut production. Its non-suckering habit makes it an ideal rootstock for orchards, onto which to graft the common hazel cultivars.

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Cotinus coggygria - from Greek kotinus, wild olive. kokkugia, smoke tree purpurea - purple, referring to the leaves

Smoke bush

The species is a.k.a. Rhus cotinus, European smoketree, Eurasian smoketree, smoke tree, Venetian sumach, or dyer's sumach. It is a multiple-branching deciduous shrub growing to 5–7 m with an open, spreading, irregular habit, only rarely forming a small tree. Royal purple is a popular cultivar developed for its deep purple leaves. Large feathery, pink inflorescences in summer. Most of the flowers in each inflorescence abort, elongating into yellowish-pink to pinkish-purple feathery plumes (when viewed en masse these have a wispy 'smoke-like' appearance, hence the common name).

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Cotoneaster armenus Cotoneaster: from Latin cotoneum, quince fruit; aster: meaning resembling or partially like. Probably because the leaves of some species resemble those of the quince plant; armenus: from Armenia - where the species was first identified

Armenian cotoneaster

An evergreen or semi-evergreen shrub. Like many cotoneasters, it features clusters of small flowers in spring and summer, followed by showy red berries in autumn and winter. The plant is native to a region spanning from NE Turkey to NW Iran. Like other species in its genus, it has the potential to become an invasive non-native species.

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Cryptomeria japonica Cryptomeria: From Greek krypto meaning hidden; meris meaning part, referring to the reproductive structures being concealed; japonica: - Japanese; Globosa Latin for globe, describing the plant's dense, dome-like shape; Nana: Latin for dwarf, indicating its slow-growing, compact size globosa nana

Dwarf Japanese cedar

An evergreen dwarf conifer forming a dense, dome-shaped plant with rich green awl-shaped leaves closely appressed to the shoots. The soft, needle-like foliage turns bronze in winter..

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Diervillia splendensDiervilla: after Dr. Marin Diereville, a French surgeon and botanist. splendens: Latin meaning splendid or shining, referring to the plant's attractive appearance, particularly its colourful foliage and flowers.

Bush honeysuckle

Diervilla splendens is a hybrid cross between D. sessilifolia and D. lonicera that originated in European cultivation in the mid-19th century. The common name that refers to the resemblance of its flowers to those of the lonicera genus, but the two genera are distinct. It has bright, yellow, trumpet-shaped flowers that bloom from early summer to autumn, and its foliage that turns vibrant colours in autumn.

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Eriobotrya japonica eriobotrya from Greek erion wool and botrys, bunch of grapes, describing the plant's woolly flower clusters; Japonica" - Japanese, referring to its extensive cultivation and association with Japan, although it is originally from China.

Loquat

A.k.a. Japanes medlar or Japanese plum. It is native to S China, but has been grown in Japan for over 1,000 years. A large, evergreen shrub or small tree, with a rounded crown, short trunk, and woolly new twigs. The tree can grow to 10 m but is often smaller. Loquats are unusual among fruit trees in that the flowers appear in the autumn or early winter, and the fruits are ripe at any time from early spring to early summer. The flowers have a sweet, heady aroma. Oval, rounded or pear-shaped fruits grow in clusters, with a smooth or downy, yellow or orange, sometimes red-blushed skin.

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Eucalyptus - Eucalyptus from Greek eu, meaning well, and kalyptos, meaning covered. This refers to the cap that covers the flower buds, which is shed when the flower opens; dalrympleana: after Richard Dalrymple-Hay, the first Commissioner of Forests in New South Wales, appointed in 1895. Dalrympleana

Mountain gum

A.k.a. white gum and broad-leaved ribbon gum, growing to 40m, a native of SE Australia. It has smooth bark, lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of three or seven, white flowers and cup-shaped, bell-shaped or hemispherical fruit. The flower buds are arranged in groups of three or seven in leaf axils on a peduncle 3–12 mm long, the individual buds sessile or on a pedicel up to 3 mm long. Mature buds are oval, green to yellow, with a conical to rounded operculum a cap-like structure in some flowering plants, mosses, and fungi . White flowers occurs between March and June. The fruit is a woody cup-shaped, bell-shaped or hemispherical capsule 3–8 mm long.

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Eucalyptus - Eucalyptus from Greek eu, meaning well, and kalyptos, meaning covered. This refers to the cap that covers the flower buds, which is shed when the flower opens; moorei: After Charles Moore, (1820 - 1905), director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney. moorei

Narrow-leaved sally

A a species of mallee that typically grows to a height of 6–10 m, native to New South Wales. It has smooth bark, linear to narrow lance-shaped or curved adult leaves, flower buds in groups of between seven and fifteen, white flowers and cup-shaped or shortened spherical fruit. Eucalyptus moorei is a mallee (20–33 ft) and forms a lignotuber. Adult leaves are alternate, linear to narrow lance-shaped or curved, the same glossy green on both sides, 3 - 9 cm. The flower buds are arranged in clusters of between 7 and 15 in leaf axils on an unbranched peduncle. Mature buds are top-shaped, with a conical to horn-shaped operculum a cap-like structure in some flowering plants, mosses, and fungi . White flowers appear between February and May. The fruit is a woody cup-shaped or shortened spherical capsule.

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Euonymous Euonymus: from Greek words eu, meaning good or lucky, and onoma (or nymus), meaning name. Possibly ironic, as all parts of the plant are poisonous if ingested. hamiltonianus: after Francis Buchanan-Hamilton (1762-1829), a Scottish physician and botanist who worked in India. lance meaning lance or spear; folius, meaning leaf. Hamiltonianus lanceifolia

Hamilton's spindle tree

A.k.a. Himalayan spindle, and Siebold's spindle. It is native to Asia, where it is distributed in Afghanistan, Russia, China, Japan, Korea, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Bhutan, Thailand, and Myanmar. In the wild, it may grow to be a shrub of 3 m or a tree up to 20 m. The The inflorescence is a cymose a cyme is a flower cluster with a flat or round top, the central flower blooms first, followed by the peripheral flowers. Each flower stalk ends in a single flower cluster of several white flowers, each nearly a centimeter wide. The brown, yellowish, or reddish fruit capsule splits into four sections holding brown seeds with orange arils.

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Fagus sylvatica Fagus - Latin for beech; sylvatica -from Latin silvanus, of the forest; atro - dark; purpurea - purple atropurpurea

Copper Beech

Native across Europe, growing to a height of more than 40 m and develop a huge domed crown. The reddish brown, torpedo-shaped leaf buds form on short stalks and have a distinctive criss-cross pattern. Beech is monoeciousboth male and female flowers grow on the same tree . In April and May the tassel-like male catkins hang from long stalks at the end of twigs, while female flowers grow in pairs, surrounded by a cup. Beech woodland is shady and characterised by a dense carpet of fallen leaves and mast husks which prevent most woodland plants from growing. Only specialist shade-tolerant plants can survive beneath a beech canopy.

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Fraxinus angustifolia Fraxinus, Latin word for ash; angustus, Latin for narrow; folium, leaf, referring to the leaves; oxycarpa from Greek oxys, sharp and karpos (fruit), referring to the fruit's pointed shape.oxycarpa

Raywood ash

A.k.a. Claret Ash or Raywood Ash. A fast-growing, medium to large deciduous cultivar growing to 15–20 m, with narrow, glossy leaves in summer and brilliant purple and red-wine autumn foliage. Narrow and upright when young, broadening to a full, rounded canopy with age. The flowers are produced in inflorescences which can be male, hermaphrodite or mixed male and hermaphrodite. Flowering occurs in early spring. The fruit when fully formed is a samara 3–4 cm long, the seed 1.5–2 cm long with a pale brown wing.

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Fraxinus latifolia Fraxinus, Latin word for ash; latus, Latin for broad; folia, leaf, referring to the broad leaflets

Oregon ash

a medium-sized deciduous tree that can grow to 20–25 m, native to W North America. It is common for the leaves and bark to show signs of disease and brown rot on otherwise healthy plants. Unlike bigleaf maples, ash twigs have woolly hairs. In mid to late spring, the tree produces small insignificant flowers. It is dioecious it requires two separate plants (male and female) to successfully pollinate and reproduce . The fruit, produced by female trees, is a cluster of samaras, 3–5 cm long that includes wings similar to maple trees.

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Ginkgo biloba Ginkgo (from yin xing or ginkyō) means silver apricot, referencing the fleshy, sometimes foul-smelling, seed coating; biloba - Latin for two-lobed, describing the distinctive fan-shaped leaves that are split into two distinct lobes.

Maidenhair tree due to its leaf resemblance to maidenhair ferns

A long-lived dioecious tree with unique fan-shaped leaves, capable of clonal reproduction, and known for its striking yellow autumn foliage. Specimens have been measured in excess of 1,600 years, and the largest living trees are estimated to exceed 3,500 years. Ginkgos are large trees, normally reaching a height of 20–35 m. Ginkgo biloba is dioeciouswith separate sexes, some trees being female and others being male. , with male plants producing small pollen cones with sporophylls a leaf or leaf-like structure that bears spores, which are reproductive cells . Female plants do not produce cones. Two ovules are formed at the end of a stalk, and after wind pollination, one or both develop into fruit-like structures containing seeds. The outer layer of the fruit (the sarcotesta the soft, fleshy outer layer of a seed coat, found in plants like pomegranates and cycads. Often brightly coloured or foul-smelling, to attract animals for seed dispersal ) is attractive in appearance, but contains butyric acid and smells foul like rancid butter or vomit when fallen. As a consequence, most trees in cultivation are male clones.

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Hamamelis x intermedia hama Greek, meaning at the same time; and melon meaning apple or fruit, referring to the plant's unusual characteristic of producing flowers while the previous year's fruits are still ripening; x intermedia a hybrid cross, between h. mollis and h. japonica, displaying characteristics between the two parents. 'Arnold Promise: developed at Arnold Arboretum in Boston, Massachusetts; the promise is of seasonal change in spring, due to the bright flowers. Arnold Promise

Witch hazel 'Arnold Promise'

A vigorous, large spreading shrub, with an upright, fan-shaped vase form. Large, long-blooming four-petalled yellow flowers curl and uncurl in response to the weather, borne feely from December to March. They have a pleasant, 'tart' fragrance. In autumn, leaves turn yellow, orange to red hues.

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Hamamelis mollis hama Greek, meaning at the same time; and melon meaning apple or fruit, referring to the plant's unusual characteristic of producing flowers while the previous year's fruits are still ripening; mollis - Latin for soft, describing the leaves.

Chinese witch from an old English word for pliable hazel

. A deciduous large shrub or small tree growing to 8 m, native to C and E China. Yellow flowers, often with a red base, have four ribbon-shaped petals 15 mm long, growing in clusters, flowering is in late winter to early spring on bare branches. The fruit is a hard woody capsule 12 mm long, which splits explosively at the apex at maturity one year after pollination, ejecting the two shiny black seeds.

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Holboellia coriacea Holboellia after Danish ornithologist Carl Peter Holboell (1795-1856); coriacea, from Latin meaning leathery, describing the tough leaves.

Sausage vine

A vigorous, astonishingly hardy, evergreen climber with dark green, leathery leaves and short, elongated, violet coloured 'sausage' fruits, which are edible (though bitter). It is native to C China where it grows in scrubby thickets and mountain slopes. It has extremely fragrant flowers which can vary from white through pale green to pale purple, and appear in clusters in spring and early summer.

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Juglans ailantifolia Juglans: Latin from Jovis, meaning Jupiter and glans, meaning acorn or nut; Jupiter's nut reflects the high regard the Romans had for the fruit; ailantia: from an Indonesian word for Ailanthusa folia, Latin for leaf - noting a resemblance of the leaves to those of the Ailanthus, the tree of heaven; cordiformis: from Latin meaning heart-shaped, referring to the flattened heart shape of the nuts on this specific variation of Japanese walnut. cordiformis

Japanese walnut

The species is a deciduous tree growing to 20 m, native to Japan. The male flowers are inconspicuous yellow-green catkins produced in spring at the same time as the new leaves appear. The female flowers have pink/red pistils. The fruit is a spherical nut surrounded by a green husk before maturity, produced in bunches of 4–10. This cultivar, the heartnut, is a cultivar distinguished by its heart-shaped fruit (in cross-section), which is very hard to crack. It is sweet without a bitter aftertaste often intrinsic with black and Persian walnuts.

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Juniperus communis juniperus : - from the Latin name for the tree, possibly with the meaning 'young and fresh'; communis - Latin for common; Hornibrookii after Murray Hornibrook (1874-1949), an Irish nurseryman who raised and introduced this specific prostrate, spreading cultivar from seeds reportedly collected in China by the plant explorer Ernest Wilson. Hornibrookii

Juniper

A noticeboard was by the juniper plants: Common juniper is the most widely distributed conifer in the world. Occuring right across the northern hemisphere, it grows in a vast range of habitats from the sea level to 2400m altitude. A wide range of different forms can be observed, from the trees of 18m in height to carpeting shrubs reaching just 18 cm in height. As a result, many subspecies have been described - in Scotland you are likely to see subsp. communis or subsp. nana. Globally, this plant has a Red List assessment of least concern. However, within the UK, over time populations have been reduced by muirburn the burning of heather moorland for wildlife and land management , overgrazing, and removal of scrub habitat. In some places, there is very little regeneration - Juniper seed requires bare soil to germinate and the young plants are vunerable to grazing. Juniper is also threatened by a pathogen called Phytopthora austocedri which was first described in 2007 and first confirmed in the UK in 2011. The origin of this pathogen remains unclear, but it is a serious problem, causing die-back and death in a number of natural populations.

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Lonicera tragophylla Lonicera -after German botanist and physician Adam Lonitzer (1528 - 1586); tragophylla: from Greek tragos (τράγος) meaning goat, and phyllon (φύλλον), meaning leaf. This possibly refers to the belief that the leaves were a favorite food of goats.

Chinese honeysuckle

A deciduous climbing shrub growing to 6 m, native to Central China, where it inhabits forest, scrub and rocky crevices.It has grey-green leaves and trumpet-shaped, pure rich yellow flowers in late summer and autumn. Unlike many honeysuckles it is unscented.

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Lophomyrtus obcordata Lophos - from Greek meaning crest or tuft, referring to the crown-like appearance of its flowers; Myrtus means myrtle, as it belongs to the myrtle family; ob - reverse; cordata - heart-shaped, referring to the leaves."

Rōhutu

A.k.a. tutuhi (Maori), a tall bushy shrub which can reach up to 6 m, native to New Zealand, usually found in lowland forest. It has a smooth trunk, beige hidden by pieces of greyish bark.The branchlets are numerous, erect and slightly pubescent. The leaves are much smaller than those of other trees of the same genus. They are thick, heart-shaped, opposite or fasciculate to grow or form in bundles or clusters , glabrous when adult (and pubescent before), and 5 to 10 mm long and wide. They are rather fragile and brittle.

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Lupinus arboreus Lupinus - from Latin meaning wolf, possibly because people thought they devoured the soil's nutrients, though they actually fix nitrogen; arboreus: from arbor meaning tree, distinguishing it from herbaceous lupins.

Tree lupin

A.k.a. yellow bush lupin, an evergreen shrub growing to 2 m, indigenous to California. In spring it bears many racemes a flower cluster with the separate flowers attached by short equal stalks at equal distances along a central stem. The flowers at the base of the central stem develop first. , 30 cm long, of fragrant, soft yellow, pea-like flowers. It has become an invasive species in many areas.

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Magnolia stellata Magnolia - after Pierre Magnol (1638–1715), a distinguished French botanist and the director of the Montpellier Botanic Garden; stellata: Latin, meaning with spreading rays or star-like, referencing the shape of the flowers; Waterlily is the cultivar name, referencing the similarity to nymphae flowers. water lily

Star magnolia

A slow-growing deciduous shrub or small tree growing to 2.5 m, native to Japan. It bears large, showy white or pink flowers in early spring, before its leaves open. Flower colour varies from white to rich pink. The flowers are star-shaped, with at least 12 thin, delicate petal-like tepals, some cultivars (such as water lily) having more than 30. Fruits are reddish-green, knobby, aggregate, about 5 cm long.

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Malus spectabilis malus - Latin for apple tree; spectabilis: Latin meaning visible, notable, outstanding, or remarkable, a reference to the plant's abundant spring blossom.

Chinese crabapple

A.k.a. Asiatic apple or Chinese flowering apple. It has white or pink flowers, depending on the variety. The fruit is yellow and about 2 cm in diameter. A native of China, where it is popular as an ornamental tree.

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Metasequoia - meta - changed or transformed; so the genus name means like a sequoia glyptostroboides - oides is a Greek suffix meaning resembling, so the tree resembles glyptostrobus, the Chinese swamp cypress (glypto - carved, grooved, strobus - cone).

Dawn redwood

A vigorous, fast-growing deciduous conifer with fibrous, orange-brown bark, making a large, narrowly conical tree to 25m tall. The globose pollen cones are 5–6 mm long, produced on long spikes in early spring, but only on trees growing in regions with hot summers. Older trees may form wide buttresses on the lower trunk, and distinctive "armpits" under each branch. The bark is vertically fissured and tends to exfoliate in ribbon-like strips.

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Olearia olearia, after Johann Gottfried Olearius (1635-1711), a 17th-century German scholar, theologian, and botanist; avicennii efers to the mangrove genus, folia: leaves, so together this means 'with leaves like those of the mangrove'"; paniculata: Latin meaning tuft or panicle, so 'having flowers arranged in panicles'.avicennifolia x paniculata

Mountain akeake hybrid

A hybrid. The first parent is a.k.a. Daisy bush, and is a small, bushy shrub or tree that grows up to 6 m, native to new Zealand. It has thin, papery bark and angular branchlets covered in white tomentum. Flowers are clustered and daisy-like with white rays and purple central disks. They emerge between November and February and have a sweet scent. They develop into fluffy seeds. The second parent is a small evergreen tree known as akeraho, again native to New Zealand, hasmany similar characteristics.

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Olearia olearia, after Johann Gottfried Olearius (1635-1711), a 17th-century German scholar, theologian, and botanist; haastii - after Sir Julius von Haast (1822–1887), a German-born New Zealand geologist and explorer.

New Zealand daisy bush

A natural hybrid resulting from a cross between o. avicenniifolia and o. moschata, both native to New Zealand. A dense, bushy shrub with smooth, oval, evergreen leaves; dark green and glossy above, felted white below. Dense sprays of star-shaped, white flowers appear in mid to late summer.

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Osmanthus decorus osma - Greek meaning smell or fragrance anthos meaning "flower"; decorus: Latin meaning fitting, proper, or elegant, referring to the plant's regular habit.

Osmanthus

A.k.a phillyrea decora, and dunce cap.A rounded, dense, medium-sized evergreen shrub to a height of 3m, native to Caucasia. It has dark green, leathery oval-shaped leaves. In mid spring, numerous small clusters of highly scented, tubular white flowers appear. These are followed by small, oval, purplish-black drupes a fleshy fruit with thin skin and a central stone containing the seed that ripen in autumn.

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Osmanthus yunnanensis osma - Greek meaning smell or fragrance anthos meaning flower; yunnanensis - from the Chinese province of Yunnan.

Goat willow

An evergreen shrub or small tree growing to 12 m, native to Yunnan and Sichuan in the far SW of China. In winter and spring, small clusters of creamy-white flowers in the leaf axils produce an intense fragrance. These are followed by egg-shaped fruit, dark purple with a white bloom.

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Osteomeles schwerinaeOsteo: Greek meaning bone, meles meaning apple, referring to the very hard, bone-like texture of the fruit (pomes); schwerinae- probably after the German town of Schwerin; micro Greek meaning small and phylla meaning leaf. microphylla

Chinese emperor plum

An evergreen shrub growing to 2.5 m in the open, considerably more against a wall; a native of Yunnan and other parts of W. China. It has long, slender, flexible branchlets covered with short grey hairs. Leaves are pinnate, composed of eight and a half to fifteen and a half pairs of obovate leaflets. The fruits are edible and can be eaten raw or used to make jellies and jams. The fruits have a sweet flavor. It is grown in gardens as an ornamental plant. It is also used in bonsai.

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Philadelphus koreanus philadelphos from Greek, meaning loving one's brother or sister, or brotherly love. Possibly named in honour of Ptolemy II Philadelphus, a 3rd-century BCE Macedonian king of Egypt and a known patron of the arts and sciences; koreanus: from Korea.

Korean mock orange

A medium to large, multi-stemmed, deciduous shrub native to Korea. .It produces abundant, single, bowl-shaped, pure white flowers in late spring to early summer, typically in terminal clusters. A key feature is the strong, sweet, citrus-like fragrance, similar to orange blossoms, The bark is dark brown, smooth, and shiny, often exfoliating in thin strips with age.

Phyllocladus trichomanoides phyllon - Greek meaning leaf; Klados young shoot or branch; this describe leafy, photosynthetic stems; trichomanes - maidenhair ferns; oides Greek meaning resembling or like, so the tree has a similarity to ferns.

Celery pine

A.k.a. tānekaha pine, is a medium-sized forest tree growing to 25 m, native to New Zealand. The leaves are sparse, tiny, scale-like, 2–3 mm long, and only green (photosynthetic) for a short time, soon turning brown. Photosynthesis is performed by phylloclades, which are highly modified, leaf-like short shoots, arranged alternately, 10–15 on a shoot. The seed cones are berry-like, with a fleshy white aril surrounding but not fully enclosing the single seed. Like the kauri, tānekaha shed their lower branches, producing smooth straight trunks and knot-free timber which is sought after for its strength.

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Picea abies picea from the Latin word pix, meaning pitch or resin, referring to the tree's sticky resin; abies - fir, referring to the similarity to the abies genus; Pseudo Greek pseudēs, meaning false or deceptive; Prostrata Latin meaning prostrate or laying full length along the ground, so a dwarf plant, but not a truly prostrate specimen. pseudoprostrata

Dwarf Norway spruce

A wide-spreading, low-growing dwarf cultivar of the common Norway Spruce, characterized by its dense, wild-looking branches that stay close to the ground. A slow-growing evergreen conifer known for its broad, flat habit, unlike its towering, pyramidal parent species. It has the dark glossy green needles typical of Norway spruce.

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Picea omorika Picea Latin pix meaning pitch or tar, referring to spruce resin; omorika is the native Serbian/Bosnian name for spruce, and symbolizes slenderness in local folklore, fitting the tree's graceful, narrow shape.

Serbian spruce

A.k.a. Pančić spruce, after the Serbian botanist Josif Pančić. A medium-sized evergreen coniferous tree growing to 20 m, native to W. Serbia, E Bosnia and Herzegovina. The two pictured here are the standard, upright conical version, and the drooping cultivar. The cones are 4–7 cm (2–3 in) long, fusiform, dark purple when young, maturing to dark brown, with stiff scales. Grown widely as an ornamental, it is also used as Christmas trees, timber and paper production, particularly in N.northern Europe, though its slow growth makes it less important than Sitka spruce or Norway spruce. [Wikipedia]

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Picea pungens Picea Latin pix meaning pitch or tar, referring to spruce resin; ; pungens Latin meaning sharply pointed, piercing, or prickly, escribes the tree's stiff, sharp, and often blue-tinged needles.

Blue spruce

A large conifer reaching 50 m in the wild, more often 18 m in cultivation. It has scaly grey-brown bark with a cinnamon-red undertone on its trunk. On older trees the bark becomes deeply furrowed and scaly. The narrow, needle-like, evergreen leaves are quite sharply pointed and may be dull green, blue, or pale white. Strobili pollen producing cones , develop throughout the crown, but are more common in the upper half. Purple-brown seed cones form at the top of the tree in May/June and release their mature seeds in the autumn of the same year, turning light brown as they mature.

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Pinus strobus Pinus Latin for pine; strobus from Greek meaning whirling, likely describing the shape or arrangement of its cones.

Eastern White Pine

A.k.a. Weymouth pine, northern white pine, white pine and soft pine, a large pine native to E North America. The seed cones are slender, 8–16 cm long and have scales with a rounded apex and slightly reflexed tip, often resinous. Branches are spaced every 45 cm on the trunk with 5-6 branches like spokes on a wagon wheel.

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Pinus leucodermis Pinus Latin for pine; leuco Greek meaning white or pale, dermis meaning skin or bark, referring to the distinctive ash-grey to whitish bark of the mature tree. Schmidtii - after Eugen Smidt, a Czech who discovered the original old,compact specimen growing in the mountains near Sarajevo, Bosnia, in 1926. Schmidt

Bosnian pine 'Schmidt'

A.k.a. Pinus heldreichii. A very slow-growing conifer forming a broadly ovoid dwarf shrub with rigid, deep green needles. The species has distinctive bark that becomes grey-brown and deeply grooved into scale-like plates as it ages, often described as snakeskin crocodile-skin texture. While the dwarf cultivar may not develop this mature bark quality due to its small size, it will still produce small cones that emerge a striking blue-purple color before ripening to a pale brown.

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Pinus mugo pinus - Latin for pine, (pitu - resin); mugo - an old Tyrolese name, likely referring to a diminutive of musk, implying an aromatic or mossy quality

Dwarf mountain pine

. A.k.a. mountain pine, scrub mountain pine, Swiss mountain pine, bog pine, creeping pine, or mugo pine. A small, slow-growing, evergreen, often multi stemmed, tree, native to S and E Alps and the Balkan peninsula, capable of reaching 3–6 m. It has matt-textured, thin-scaled nut-brown symmetrical cones.

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Pinus sylvestris pinus- Latin for pine silva - woodland or forest, reflecting the tree's habitat.

Scots pine

An evergreen conifer native to northern Europe. Mature trees grow to 35m and can live for up to 700 years. The needle-like leaves are blue-green and slightly twisted, and grow in pairs on short side shoots. Scots pine is monoecious both male and female flowers grow on the same tree. Male flowers comprise clusters of yellow anthers at the base of shoots. Female flowers are small, red-purple and globular, and grow at the tips of new shoots. [Woodland Trust]

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Populus Balsam Spire populus: Latin meaning the people's tree (populus arbori). Balsam: the strong, sweet, resinous sap found in buds and young leaves. Spire: describes the tree's narrow, columnar or spire-like growth habit.

Balsam Spire poplar

A fast-growing, columnar hybrid with a narrow, upright habit. It produces sweet, balsam-like scent from the sweet resinous sap found in sticky buds in spring, with reddish twigs and textured bark.

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Populus tremula populus - Latin for poplar; tremula -Latin for trembling or shaking, reflecting the characteristic movement of the leaves.

Aspen

Aspen leaves tremble, even in the slightest breeze. This has given rise to many of its common names, including its Gaelic form, critheann)which means 'quivering one'. Old beliefs suggest that it had been cursed by the devil and so could never rest. The tree often occurs in groups derived from a 'suckering' root system The timber is of poor quality, but has been used for matches and basic crates.

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Prunus armeniaca prunus -Latin for plum tree or stone fruit, related to Greek proumnē; Armeniaca referring to the Armenian Highlands.

Apricot

A.k.a. Armenian plum. The apricot spread to Europe from W Asia via Armenia, though its origin is likely China. A small tree, 8–12 m tall and a dense, spreading canopy. The flowers have five white to pinkish petals, produced singly or in pairs in early spring before the leaves. The fruit is a drupe similar to a small peach, its surface can be smooth or velvety with very short hairs. The flesh (mesocarp) is succulent and its taste can range from sweet to tart. The single seed is enclosed in a hard shell, often called a stone, with a grainy, smooth texture except for three ridges running down one side.

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Quercus rubra quercus - Latin name for oak, derived from the Proto-Indo-European root kwerkwu; rubra - red;

Red oak

A deciduous tree native to N America and S Canada. It can grow 30 to 40m, with a trunk up to 2m in diameter, quite straight and not too spreading in habit. The acorns take two years to develop on the tree. It is considered invasive in Europe, and is a neophyte in Britain.

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Rhododendron rhodon, Greek meaning rose, and dendron meaning tree; macabeanum: after Robert Blair McCabe (1854-97), an Indian civil servant. macabeanum

McCabe's rhododendron

A very large evergreen shrub or small tree growing to 12 m with glossy dark green leathery leaves that are greyish-white beneath, up to 30 cm in length. Flowers are bell-shaped, pale to deep yellow with a purple blotch, in large, dense rounded trusses, early to mid spring.

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Rhododendron rhodon, Greek meaning rose, and dendron meaning tree; mallotum: Greek meaning woolly or fleecy, referring to the undrsides of the leaves. mallotum

Rhododendron mallotum

A noticeboard comments: This plant occurs only in a small area on the border between China and Myanmar. It grows in thickets, forests and rock gullies, above 3000m altitude. The furry coating on the underside of the leaves is known as indumentum, and starts white on very new leaves, soon turning a wonderful coppery brown. The flowers are a deep red and appear in spring. It was classified as endangered by the most recent Red List assessment in 2011, which means it is at high risk of extinction in the wild. It occurs naturally in only a small geographical area, and is threatened by development, including major new roads. Growing threatened plants in a garden setting (also known as ex situ) provides some insurance in case anything happens to the remaining plants in the wild. Botanical gardens around the world work together via networks like Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI), to maximise the value and diversity of their collections.

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Rhododendron rhodon, Greek meaning rose, and dendron meaning tree; veitchianum: after the Veitch family of nurserymen (James Veitch & Sons). veitchianum

Rhododendron veitchianum

An evergreen shrub growing to 2–3 m, often epiphytic growing on the surface of another plant or plant-like organism , native to Thailand, Myanmar and Laos. The large trumpet-shaped flowers are 5–6.5 cm in diameter, white, often with a yellow blotch at the base, with 10 stamens (characteristic of rhododendrons), and appear in terminal trusses of up to 5.

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Rhododendron rhodon, Greek meaning rose, and dendron meaning tree; williamsianum: after John Charles Williams (1861-1939), an English politician and gardener at Caerhays. williamsianum

Williams Rhododendron

A compact, spreading small evergreen shrub, 1-1.5 m tall, native to SW China, with neat rounded or heart-shaped leaves, bronze when young and glaucous beneath. Bell-shaped, soft rose-pink flowers, 5 cm wide, are borne in small trusses in mid spring. [RHS]

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Ribes menziesii Ribes: from the Arabic name for the plant; leptos meaning thin, slender, fine, or small, osme meaning smell or scent, possibly referring to a fine scent. leptosmum

Canyon gooseberry

A deciduous spiny shrub up to 2 m high, native to W North America from central California to Oregon. Young shoots are downy and covered with long, slender bristles. The flowers are red-purple with a short, bell-shaped base, the sepals 1 cm. long; petals are white, sometimes rosy tinted. Fruits are globose, covered with glandular bristles, the remains of the flower persisting at the top.

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Salix pentandra Salix Latin for willow; penta Greek - five; andros Greek for man or male, referring to the male flowers having five stamens.

Bay willow referring to its glossy foliage, aromatic when crushed, and similar to the bay tree (Laurus nobilis).

A large shrub or small tree growing to 14 m, usually in wet, boggy ground. The dioecious flowers are catkins, produced in late spring after the leaves; the male catkins are yellow, 2 – 5 cm long, the female catkins greenish, 1.5 – 3 cm long; they are pollinated by bees. The fruit is a small capsule containing numerous minute seeds embedded in white down which aids wind dispersal. [Wikipedia]

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Sequoiadendron Sequoia - probably relating to the cherokee tribe, possibly from Latin sequi, relating the sequence of seeds per cone; dendron - tree; giganteum - giant. giganteum

Giant redwood

Arguably the world's most impressive tree. It is the largest tree by volume and can live for more than 3000 years. Publication of its discovery in the Sierra Nevada, California, in 1852 caused a sensation. The first seed to reach Europe arrived in Scotland in August 1853 with John Matthew, narrowly beating a consignment for Veitch Nurseries in Exeter. The main use of this tree is as a grand specimen, but some experimental forestry has been conducted in Britain.

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Sequoia Sequoia - probably relating to the cherokee tribe, possibly from Latin sequi, relating the sequence of seeds per cone sempervirens semper virens - always green.

Coast redwood

The sole living species of the genus Sequoia, capable of living 1,200 – 2,200 years or more. This species includes the tallest living trees on Earth, reaching up to 115 m. The bark can be very thick, up to 35 cm, quite soft and fibrous, with a bright red-brown color when freshly exposed (hence the name redwood). The species is monoecious pollen and seed cones on the same plant . Seed cones are ovoid, up to 32 mm long. Seeds are released when the cone scales dry and open at maturity.

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Sorbus anglica Sorbus - Latin meaning red or reddish-brown, referring to the berries; anglica - English, as it is a native of Britain (and Ireland).

English whitebeam

A.k.a. hedlundia after Johan Teodor Hedlund (1861–1953), a Swedish expert on Sorbus anglica, a small tree or shrub, often with multiple stems, native to Ireland and the United Kingdom. It is usually found growing on cliffs, quarries and rocky hillsides. It probably arose as a natural hybrid cross between Aria porrigentiformis and Sorbus aucuparia. Flowers are white, small (1 cm across), with creamy filaments and anthers, and two or three styles. Fruits are more or less globose, about 1 cm wide.

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Sorbus arranensis Sorbus - Latin meaning red or reddish-brown, referring to the berries; arranensis - a native unique to the Isle of Arran.

Arran whitebeam

One of the rarest and most endangered trees in the world. It is a hybrid of rowan and rock whitebeam only found naturally on the Isle of Arran in Scotland. It is a small, slender, broadleaf tree, reaching a height of 7.5m in favourable, sheltered conditions, but more commonly only reaching 2m because of the harsh weather conditions and over-grazing. The leaves share some of the characteristics of s. aucuparia and (s.rupicola), the original parent species. Arran whitebeam has lobes but not separate leaflets.

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Sorbus bristoliensis Sorbus - Latin meaning red or reddish-brown, referring to the berries; bristoliensis - of Bristol, referring to the location where the tree is found: the Avon Gorge and Leigh Woods, Bristol.

Bristol whitebeam

A.k.a. karpatiosorbus the prefix is after Hungarian botanist Zoltán Kárpáti (1909–1972), who made significant contributions to the study of the broader Sorbus genus in Central Europe. bristoliensis. A shrub or small tree growing to about 10 m. Flowers are 2 - 5 cm wide, white, appearing in May or early June. Fruits are broadly ellipsoid, bright reddish orange and glossy.

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Sorbus devoniensis Sorbus - Latin meaning red or reddish-brown, referring to the berries; devoniensis - of Devon (ensis means of a place), referring to the location where the tree is found: mainly in SW England particularly Devon.

Devon whitebeam

A.k.a. French Hales or Hails, a corruption of the French word alise (service tree fruit), and broad-leaved Whitebeam, a medium sized tree, reaching up to 13 m. A hybrid between s. torminalis (Wild Service Tree) and s. aria (Common Whitebeam). . The flowers are creamy-white clusters (umbels) blooming in late spring.These turn into rounded, orange-brown berries that ripen to a russet-red, becoming soft and edible (medlar-like) in autumn.

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Sorbus lancastriensis Sorbus - Latin meaning red or reddish-brown, referring to the berries; devoniensis - of Devon (ensis means of a place), referring to the location where the tree is found: mainly in SW England particularly Devon.

Lancashire whitebeam

A.k.a. aria lancastriensis, and Lancastrian mountain ash, it grows only in a small area north of Morecambe Bay in Lancashire and Cumbria. A deciduous shrub or small tree growing to 6 m. Creamy white blossom in spring is followed by bright orange-red berries.

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Sorbus minima Sorbus - Latin meaning red or reddish-brown, referring to the berries; minima: from Latin minimus, meaning least or smallest, referring to the plant's size.

Lesser whitebeam

A.k.a. Hedlundia minima, and least whitebeam, a deciduous shrub in the rose family Rosaceae. It belongs to the genus Hedlundia, which includes species that have arisen from a hybridisation between members of the genus Sorbus (rowans) and members of genus Aria (whitebeams). It is an apomictic asexual development of seed or embryo without fertilization microspecies endemic to Wales. Probably a hybrid between the rock whitebeam (A. rupicola) and the rowan (S. aucuparia). It is a slender, deciduous shrub which can reach 3 m. The leaves are 6–8 centimetres long and are fairly narrow and oval in shape, acutely pointed at the tip and base. Flowers are produced in May and June and their white petals are 4 mm long. The red berries are 6–8 mm diameter.

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Sorbus pseudofennica from Greek: sorbus - service tree; pseudofennica - false Finnish, as it resembles a sorbus native to Finland

Arran service-tree

A.k.a. Hedlundia pseudofennica the taxonomy has been updated, with S. pseudofennica now classified within the newly created genus Hedlundia. and Arran cut-leaved whitebeam, a rare tree endemic to the Isle of Arran in Scotland, threatened by habitat loss. It is thought to be a naturally occurring hybrid between H. arranensis and Sorbus aucuparia. Hedlundia arranensis is itself a hybrid between Aria rupicola and sorbus aucuparia. Apomixis asexual development of seed or embryo without fertilization and hybridisation are common in some groups of sorbus species. There are at least two of these trees in the Garden, one labelled Hedlundia pseudofennica, the other sorbus pseudofennica.

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Sorbus rupicola from Greek: sorbus - service tree; rupicola - from Latin rupes meaning rock and cola meaning dweller, inhabitant, indicating it grows on rocks.

Rock whitebeam

This deciduous tree or woody shrub clings to areas of rocky woodland and fissures in limestone cliffs. A parent species of the rarer Arran whitebeam, the rock whitebeam is becoming increasingly hard to find. It has upright stems and oval, serrated mid-green leaves. It can reach 10m high. Flowers are white, 12–16mm diameter and grow in loose clusters in June to July, similar to those of rowan but larger. These are followed by deep red berries, 12–15 mm in diameter, broader than long, with numerous lenticels holes that allow internal gases to escape scattered over the surface. The berries fruit from September to November.

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Sorbus sargentiana from Greek: sorbus - service tree or rowan; sargentiana - after American dendrologist Charles Sprague Sargent (1841-1927).

Sargent's rowan

A small to medium-sized deciduous tree growing to 16 m, native to SW China, where it grows at altitudes of over 2000 m. It is (20–52 ft) tall, with a trunk up to 50 cm (20 in) in diameter, and a rounded crown. The flowers are 5–7 mm in diameter, with five white petals and 20 yellowish-white stamens, produced in very large corymbs a type of inflorescence in which the lower flowers have longer pedicels than the upper ones, creating a flat-topped appearance. in late spring to early summer. The fruit is a small pome a fruit consisting of a fleshy enlarged receptacle and a tough central core containing the seeds, e.g. an apple, pear, quince, rowan. , bright orange-red to red, maturing in early autumn; it is juicy, and readily eaten by thrushes, which disperse the seeds.

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Symphoricarpus albus from Greek symphorein meaning to bear together and karpos meaning fruit, describing its clustered berries; albus Latin for white, referring to the berries.

Snowberry

An erect, deciduous shrub, reaching 1–2 m high, producing a stiff, branching main stem and several smaller shoots from a rhizome. It can be invasive, spreading and colonizing an area to form a dense thicket. The inflorescence is a raceme of up to 16 flowers. Each flower has a small, five-toothed calyx of sepals. The bell-shaped, rounded corolla is bright pink in colour. It has pointed lobes at the mouth and the inside is filled with white hairs. The fruit is a fleshy white berry-like drupe a fleshy fruit with thin skin and a central stone containing the seed .The plant sometimes reproduces via seed but it is primarily vegetative, reproducing by sprouting from its spreading rhizome.

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Tetradium daniellii tetra from Greek meaning four, adion Latin, parts; daniellii: after William Freeman Daniell (1818–1865), a British army surgeon and botanist who served in West Africa.

Bee-bee tree

A.k.a. Korean evodia,a native to Korea and SW China. A small tree reaching 20 m, and having pinnate leaves with 7-11 leaflets. Scented white flowers of 3-4mm are borne in corymbs a type of inflorescence in which the lower flowers have longer pedicels than the upper ones, creating a flat-topped appearance which are highly attractive to bees, hence the common name bee tree. Small red seed pods, each with a distinct hooked beak, are produced in late summer. When ripe these will split to reveal two glossy black seeds, which are a favourite with birds [Cambridge Botanic Garden].

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Thuja occidentalis: from Greek thyia meaning sacrifice or burnt offering, possibly relating to burning of the resin as incense; occidentalis Latin meaning western; Ohlendorff, after a German nurseryman from Hamburg, Johann Heinrich Ohlendorff (1788–1857) Ohlendorffii

Ohlendorff's American Arborvitae

A slow-growing, dwarf evergreen conifer, with dense, mounding form, irregular upright habit, and unique thread-like, juvenile foliage that is chocolate-green, turning reddish in winter. Capable of growing to 3 m if not pruned.

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Tilia platyphyllos: Tilia Latin word for lime/linden tree; platys Grek meaning broad, phyllon meaning leaf.

Large leaved lime

A narrowly domed tree possibly reaching 40 m, though more typically 25 m. The small, fragrant, yellowish-white flowers are arranged in drooping, cymose a cyme is a flower cluster with a flat or round top, the central flower blooms first, followed by the peripheral flowers. Each flower stalk ends in a single flower clusters in groups of 3 to 4. Their whitish-green, leaf-like bracts have an oblong-obovate shape. The fruit is a round greenish-grey nutlet, with a woody shell.

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Trachycarpus fortunei from Greek trachys, rough, and karpos, fruit, referring to the fibrous, rough trunk of the palm; fortunei, after Scottish horticulturist Robert Fortune (1812 - 1880).

Windmill palm

Also called the Chusan palm, native to subtropical and temperate mountain forests of China, Japan, Myanmar and India where it typically grows to 12-20m. One of the hardiest of the palms, cultivated for its coarse but strong leaf sheath fibre, used for making rope, sacks, and other coarse cloth where strength is important.

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Tsuga heterophylla hetero - different or varied, phylla - leaves; referring to the different lengths of needles on a single branch.

Western hemlock

A noticeboard by the tree says: Western Hemlock is native to the western parts of the USA and Canada. If it often a dominant species, forming extensive forests, but it also occurs with Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and Sitka Spruce (Picea sitchensis) – both well known conifer species which are cornerstones of UK forestry. Western Hemlock is widely used for timber and for paper pulp. This stately tree can reach 60m in height. Needles grow on a short stalk, are of different lengths, and have rounded tips. The small cones help to distinguish it from Douglas Fir and Sitka Spruce. The small trees growing here were not planted and have all seeded from an older tree. Western Hemlock can regenerate easily in shade, including under an existing canopy. The seed can germinate on existing substrates, such as leaf mould, needle duff, old stumps or fallen tree trunks. This can give it a competitive advantage over trees which need bare soil and also be beneficial for foresters. However, it can be problematic if it allows it to invade valuable natural habitats such as Scots pine forest or native broadleaf woodland. Western Hemlock is the state tree of Washington, USA.

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zelkova serrata zelkova - from a Caucasian word meaning stone pillar, due to its hard wood; serrata, Latin for saw-toothed, referring to the jagged edges of its leaves.

Japanese elm

A.k.a. keyaki (Japanese). A spreading, medium-sized deciduous tree growing to 30 m, native to Japan, Taiwan and E China. There are insignificant greenish flowers and fruits, which are small drupes only 3 mm wide.Zelkova is valued in Japan for the production of commercial timber. It is also the symbol of many Japanese cities. In Korea, a study showed that the largest percentage of trees over 500 years old were Zelkova, 10 of them registered as natural monuments.

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